ggw的单词本

四六级真题

考研英语真题

统计：≥190

笔记

critic criticism

critic 批评家，评论员

criticism 批评，评论

comparison & contrast

comparison（比较相同点）：—— 类比

作词组comparison of…to…是对某事物进行相同或相似点的比较，常译成“把…比作…”;

contrast（比较不同点）：—— 对比

contrast用作不及物动词时，接介词with，表示“与…形成对照”，比较不同点，主语一般是物。

contrast也可用作及物动词，常用于“contrast sth with sth ”结构，意为“使…与…相对照”，主语一般为人，动词宾语与介词宾语表示相对照的物或事物。

predominant & dominant

“Predominant” 表示在数量、地位或影响力上占主导地位，强调相对于其他事物的优势或支配地位。

“Dominant” 表示在权力、地位或控制方面处于支配地位，强调绝对的统治或掌控。

“Prominent” (突出) 通常用来描述在某个环境或情境中引人注目或显著的事物或特征。它可以表示某物在某一方面非常明显或重要，但不一定意味着它在所有方面都是最重要或占主导地位的。

例句：

In this region, agriculture is the predominant industry. (在这个地区，农业是主导产业。)

The company’s dominant position in the market has allowed it to expand rapidly. (公司在市场上的支配地位使其得以快速扩张。)

“The prominent feature of the painting was the vibrant colors that caught everyone’s attention.” (这幅画的显著特点是引人注目的鲜艳颜色。)

simulate & stimulate

“Simulate”（模拟）是指通过模仿或模拟某种情况、过程或行为来创建一个近似的版本。这通常用于科学、工程、计算机模型等领域，以研究或测试不同情境下的结果。例如，计算机程序可以模拟飞行过程。

“Stimulate”（刺激）是指激发或引发某种生理或心理反应，通常是通过提供一种刺激或激励来实现的。这个词通常用于描述激发感觉、思维、活力或行动的过程。例如，音乐可以刺激人们的情感。

throw & cast & toss & flung

throw : 普通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。

cast : 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。

toss : 指无什么目的地、轻轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。

flung : 扔，掷

confirm & affirm

confirm 一般暗指消除所有不确定的试探性的疑惑；
affirm 一般指不经宣誓而庄严宣布; 承认。

例句：

Could you confirm the dispatch date?
您可以确定发货日期吗?

I affirm that what he said is true.
我断言他所说的是实情。

restrain & constrain

“Restrain” 意味着阻止或限制某物或某人的行动，通常强调的是通过外部手段或力量来制止或限制某事的发生。例如，“He had to restrain the dog from chasing the cat.”（他不得不制止狗追逐猫）。

“Constrain” 也表示限制或约束，但更强调的是来自内部或外部的压力、规则或条件对某事物的影响。它可以指导致某事不自然或不自由地发生。例如，“Financial constraints limited their ability to expand the business.”（财务限制限制了他们扩展业务的能力）。

总之，“restrain” 更侧重于行为的抑制，而 “constrain” 更侧重于来自外部或内部因素的限制。在具体语境中，选择使用哪个词取决于您要表达的意思。

interfere & intervene

“Interfere” 意味着干涉或干扰某事物，通常是指在某个过程或情况中插手，可能会对其产生负面影响。这种干涉通常是不被欢迎或不被允许的。例如，“Please don’t interfere with my work.”（请不要干涉我的工作）。

“Intervene” 意味着介入或采取行动来改变或影响某个情况，通常是为了解决问题或改善情况。这种行动可以是有益的，而不一定会带来负面影响。例如，“The teacher had to intervene to stop the students from fighting.”（老师不得不介入以阻止学生打架）。

corporate & cooperate

corporate adj. 公司的；共同的
cooperate v. 合作；协作

commit

commit to 交付，把…投入；把…置于

同近义词

n. 名誉，名望 reputation — fame

n. 鄙视 comtempt — scorn

court —— circuit美国文化看到这个就当court

federal circuit

share stock 股份，股票

interest 利益；stake （在公司、计划等中的）重大利益，重大利害关系

指出、说明、表明

note 指出
indicate 表明
illustrate 说明
deem 视为
infer 推断
hint 暗示
reveal 揭示
reflect 反映
suggest 表明
suppose 以为
demonstrate 证明
unfold 逐渐展现
assume 认为
mirror 反映

熟词僻义

check 抑制
filter （消息）慢慢传开
address 解决
clear 批准
back 支持
find 裁决
fan 激起
meet 符合
run 管理；说
rate 评估
count 包括（把…算在内）
upset 推翻，打乱
rule 裁定
cement 巩固
fashion 使成型，制作
host （在与互联网连接的计算机上存贮）
account 描述
spark 引发
bag 得到
secure 获得
institute 实行
pen 书写
issue 发布
litter 使乱七八糟
communicate 传达
signal 表达
support 证实
save 避免
sever 起作用

interest 利益
practice 做法
drag 拖累
crash 坠机、暴跌
dawn 开端
approach 方法；着手处理
story 新闻报道
line 态度、方法
defendant 被告
board 委员会，董事会
panel 专家咨询组
drive 有组织的努力
room 可能性
mechanism 机制
code 道德标准
row 争论，纠纷
ill 困难
provision 条款
opening 空缺的职位
parallel 相似物
daily 日报
press 报道
spell 一段时间
bid 努力
image 形象
figure 数字；塑像
progressive 进步分子
pool 备用人员
concern 重要的事情
introduction 新采用的东西，初次投入使用
preserve 专门领域
take 意见
move 行动
traffic 信息流量
still 剧照
score 乐谱
reach 范围
drive 干劲

% label adj. blue %}

becoming 得体的

负面的词

hinder 妨碍
drop 减少
defer 推迟
dismiss 不予考虑; 否定
eliminate 消除
shrink reduce 减少
undermine diminish 逐渐削弱
sneak 偷带
dispute 对…提出质询；对…表示异议
miss 漏掉
decline 降低
leak 泄漏
exempt 免除
veto 否决
deny reject 拒绝
corrupt 破坏
disregard outlook neglect 忽视
cease 停止
ditch discard 抛弃
violate 违反
erase 删除
prohibit 禁止
betray 背叛，泄漏
fade 衰退
indulge 放纵
tough 严厉的；困难的
isolate 使脱离，孤立
aggravate 使恶化
deteriorate 恶化
criticize 批评
deprive 剥夺
set back 阻碍
obscure 掩盖
scold 责骂
descend 下降
hijack 强行控制，劫持
strain 过度使用
satire 讽刺
combat 与…对抗
resist 抵制
oblige 迫使upset 推翻，打乱
disturb 搅乱，干扰
withhold 扣留；抑制
check 抑制
delay 延迟
ill-treat 虐待
lad 落后，掉队
break 违反
constrain 限制
restrict 限制；阻碍
restrain 抑制
boycott 抵制
borther 困扰
condemn 谴责
withdraw 撤回
oppose 抵制
owe 欠账
exaggerate 夸大
discriminate 歧视
intervene 干预；阻碍
block 阻止
inhibit 阻止；阻碍；抑制
hamper 妨碍，阻碍
bar 禁止
suppress 镇压；抑制
default 违约
contradict 反驳；相矛盾
decay 腐烂
underestimate 低估
scrap 取消
impair 损害
despise 厌恶，鄙视
insult 侮辱
discount 忽视，不重视
distort 歪曲
frustrate 挫败，阻止，使懊恼

adj.

adverse 不利的
alarming 令人担忧的
fake 假的
critical 批评的
vague 不明确的
illegal 违法的
vicious 恶性的
chronic 慢性的
tragic 悲惨的
reluctant 不情愿的
fatal 致命的
fragile 脆弱的
rare 稀少的
nasty 卑鄙的；令人不快的
criminal 犯罪的
sarcastic 讽刺的
skeptical 怀疑的
extreme 极端的
corrupt 腐败的
costly 代价大的
controversial 有争议的
severe 严厉的；严重的
excessive 过度的，过分的
bizarre odd 奇怪的
urgent 紧迫
guilty 有罪的 —— 反义词：innocent 无罪的
cunning 狡猾的
rigid 死板的
trivial 琐碎的
uneasy 不安的
jealous 嫉妒的
paradoxical 自相矛盾的
miserable 痛苦的
dumb 愚蠢的
bleak 不乐观的
dubious 可疑的
cruel 残酷的
formidable 可怕的，难对付的
scarcely 几乎不

obstacle 障碍
penalty 处罚、惩罚
hostility 敌意
conflict 冲突
liability debt 债务
burden 负担
complaint 抱怨，投诉
collapse 崩塌
interference 干涉
discontent 不满
drag 拖累
reduction 减少
flaw 缺陷
blame（坏事、错事的）责任
compromise 妥协
doom 厄运
conviction 定罪
crime 罪行
fine 罚款
sanction 处罚
dilemma 困境
crisis 危机
criticism 批评
prejudice 偏见
blunder 愚蠢的错误
scandal 丑闻
disgrace 耻辱
suspect 嫌疑犯
trial 审判
suspicion 怀疑
resistance 阻力
disaster 不幸
opponent 反对者
concern 忧虑
dispute 争论
critic 批评者
victim 受害者
excess 过量
ill 困难
defeat 失败
humiliation 屈辱，耻辱
bias 偏见
contempt 鄙视
gossip 流言蜚语
dispute 争论
handbrack 手刹
insult 侮辱
tragedy 悲惨的事
setback 挫折

过去式 / 过去分词

原	过去式	过去分词
seek	sought

单词：

最后的时候一定要把近三年的单词全部全部掌握！

▶ A

advent
/'ædvent/

n.出现，到来

The trend toward rationality and enlightenment was endangered long before the advent of the World Wide Web.

abuse
/əˈbjuːs/

n.滥用、妄用

It is text that enables us to “uncover lies, confusions and overgeneralizations, and to detect abuses of logic and common sense. It also means to weigh ideas, to compare and contrast assertions, to connect one generalization to another.”

assertion
/əˈsɜːʃn/

n.主张、断言、语气肯定的话

alternative
/ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/

adj.可选择的、可替代的

They are bent on looking for an alternative space for escape.

approval
/əˈpruːv(ə)l/

n.赞成、同意；认可

They are constantly seeking approval from their audience.

alleviate
/əˈliːvieɪt/

vt.减轻，缓解

The findings revealed ethical leadership is precisely what alleviates the negative effects of employee entitlement.

accommodate
/əˈkɒmədeɪt/

vt.给……提供方便，通融

This means, when confronted by an entitled team member, an ethical leader is significantly disinclined to accommodate their demands.

alphabet
/ˈælfəbet/

n.字母表

This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. （04.1）

attendee
/əˌtenˈdiː/

n. 出席者，在场者

Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.（04.1）

alarm
/əˈlɑːm/

n. 警告，惊恐

But don’t sound any alarms just yet.（04.1）

adjoin
/əˈdʒɔɪn/

v. 临近

However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. （05.1）

abundantly
/əˈbʌndəntli/

adv. 十分地

Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.（05.1）

aggravate
/ˈæɡrəveɪt/

v. 使加重，使恶化；

The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night. （05.1）

The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence.
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse. （05.1）

adequate
/ˈædɪkwət/

adj. 足够的，充分的

But research alone is inadequate.（05.1）

▶ B

broaden
/ˈbrɔːdn/

v.扩宽，变宽，增长（经验、知识等）

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept-what you think you want to do-then broaden it.（04.1）

bias
/ˈbaɪəs/

n.偏见

A type of conspicuous bias. （04.1）

brand
/brænd/

n. 品牌，商标

A kind of brand discrimination. （04.1）

ballot
/ˈbælət/

n.选票 v.无记名投票

bellyful
/ˈbelifʊl/

n. 满肚子，满腹

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”（04.1）

buy
/baɪ/

v. 相信，接受

Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.（05.1）

bill
/bɪl/

n. 议案，法案

A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start.（05.1）

bypass
/ˈbaɪpɑːs/

v.绕过

Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.（09.1）

▶ C

contrast
/ˈkɒntrɑːst/

vt.对比；对照

conducive
/kənˈdjuːsɪv/

adj.使容易（或有可能）发生的

It is conducive to critical thinking.

celebrity -celebrition -celebrite
/səˈlebrəti/

n.名人；名流

It has brought celebrities closer to their lives.

constantly
/ˈkɒnstəntli/

agv.始终、一直、重复不断地

They are constantly seeking approval from their audience.

conduct
/kənˈdʌkt/

n.组织、安排、进行、实施

It overturned all of those habits of mind, fundamentally changing our experience of the world, affecting the conduct of politics, religion, business, and culture.

confine
/kənˈfaɪn/

vi.限制；限定

The dominance of television was not confined to our living rooms.

consistent -consistently
/kənˈsɪstənt/

adj.一贯的，始终的

I’m talking about those who consistently believe they deserve special treatment and generous rewards.

commit
/kəˈmɪt/

vi.忠于（某个人、机构等）；全心全意投入（工作、活动等）

They also hold employees accountable for their behaviors and are genuinely committed to doing the right thing.

commitment
/kəˈmɪtmənts/

n.承诺，许诺

Those who can be counted on to fulfill commitments.

confront
/kənˈfrʌnt/

vt.面对，面临

This means, when confronted by an entitled team member, an ethical leader is significantly disinclined to accommodate their demands.

critical
/ˈkrɪtɪkl/

adj.关键的

But there’s no denying ethical leadership is at least a critical step in the right direction.

criteria
/kraɪˈtɪəriə/

*n.*（评判或做决定的）标准，准则，尺度（criterion 的复数）

It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.（04.1）

compensation
/ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃ(ə)n/

n. 报酬，薪水

Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.（04.1）

condemn
/kənˈdem/

vt.谴责，宣判

Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.（04.1）

conspicuous
/kənˈspɪkjuəs/

adj. 明显的，显眼的

A type of conspicuous bias. （04.1）

coincidence
/kəʊˈɪnsɪdəns/

n.巧合

Can this merely be coincidence? （04.1）

ceremony
/ˈserəməni/

n.典礼，仪式，礼仪，礼节

At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.（04.1）

civil
/ˈsɪv(ə)l/

adj. 文明的

We will have a less civil society.（04.1）

complementary
/ˌkɒmplɪˈment(ə)ri/

adj. 互补的

The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are __ _ [A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite. （04.1）

cucumber
/ˈkjuːkʌmbə®/

n. 黄瓜

Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.（05.1）

chamber
/ˈtʃeɪmbə®/

n. 房间；议院

context
*/*ˈkɒntekst/

n. 上下文；环境，背景

So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.（09.1）

▶ D

detect
/dɪˈtekt/

vt.发现、查明、察觉

diminish [*]
/dɪˈmɪnɪʃ/

vt.减少、减弱、降低

It can lead to workplace dysfunction and diminish their own job satisfaction.

deny
/dɪˈnaɪ/

vt.拒绝，拒绝给予

I’ m not referring to employees who are legitimately dissatisfied with their employment conditions due to, say, being denied fair pay or flexible work practices.

discrepancy
/dɪsˈkrepənsi/

n.差异，不符

As a result of that discrepancy between the privileges they feel they’re owed and their inflated sense of self-worth, they don’t work as hard for their employer.

deviate
/ˈdiːvieɪt/

vi.背离；偏离；违背

They’re also less likely to deviate in how they treat employees.

distort
/dɪˈstɔːt/

vt.扭曲，歪曲

He or she will instead point out, constructively and tactfully, exactly how their inflated sense of deservingness is somewhat distorted.

deliver
/dɪˈlɪvə®/

vt.履行诺言，兑现

This shift away from unrealistic expectations is successful because entitled employees feel more confident that ethical leaders will deliver on their promises.

discrimination
/dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/

n.歧视

Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal.（04.1）

directory
/dəˈrektəri/

n. 电话号码簿；

It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. （04.1）

dreadful
/ˈdredf(ə)l/

adj. 令人畏惧的，可怕的

Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.（04.1）

diner
/ˈdaɪnə®/

n. 进餐者，食客

Diners might see an upside, too.（04.1）

▶ E

enlightenment
/ɪnˈlaɪtnmənt/

n.启迪，指导，教导

The trend toward rationality and enlightenment was endangered long before the advent of the World Wide Web.

exposition
/ˌekspəˈzɪʃn/

n.解释，阐述

As Neil Postman noted in his 1985book Amusing Ourselves to Death, the rise of television introduced not just a new medium but a new discourse: a gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in tum meant a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment.

engage
/ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

vt.使从事，使忙于、使参加

They are forever engaged in hunting for new information.

emerge
/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/

vi.出现，浮现，露出

When it emerged towards the end of the 1980s as a purely text-based medium, it was seen as a tool to pursue knowledge, not pleasure.

extent
/ɪkˈstent/

n.程度

The respondents had to rate the extent of their agreement.

estate
/ɪˈsteɪt/

n. 财产，遗产

real estate 不动产（04.1）

elitism
/eɪˈliːtɪzəm; ɪˈliːtɪzəm/

n. 精英主义

From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.（04.1）

▶ F

forum
/ˈfɔːrəm/

n.论坛、讨论会

It was designed as a discussion forum for university students.

fulfill
/fʊl’fɪl/

vt.履行，兑现

Those who can be counted on to fulfill commitments.

file
/faɪl/

vt. 锉平

But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either.（04.1）

folk
/fəʊk/

n. 人们

Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.（04.1）

fortune
/ˈfɔːtʃuːn/

n. 财富

Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.（04.1）

fat
/fæt/

adj. 大量的；值钱的

Everybody loves a fat pay rise. （05.1）

finely
/ˈfaɪnli/

adv. 非常地

Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.（05.1）

fumes —— fume
/fjuːmz/

n. 烟气，气体

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.（05.1）

fashion
/ˈfæʃ(ə)n/

v. 制作，使成型

If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.（05.1）

fascination
/ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

n.强烈的爱好

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.（09.1）

▶ G

generalization
/ˌdʒenrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

n.概括；归纳；泛论

gather
/ˈɡæðə®/

v.收集；聚集

Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.（04.1）

grip
/ɡrɪp/

n. 紧握；掌握，控制；

Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” （04.1）

grievance
/ˈɡriːvəns/

n. 不满，不平的事

Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.（05.1）

grave
/ɡreɪv/

n. 死亡，去世

Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.（05.1）

▶ H

host
/həʊst/

vt.（在与互联网连接的计算机上）存贮

Universities around the world were among the first to connect to this new medium, which hosted discussion groups, informative personal or group blogs, electronic magazines, and academic mailing lists and forums.

humiliation
/hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃn/

n.屈辱，耻辱，蒙羞

The humiliation continues.

headline
/ˈhedlaɪn/

n. 头条新闻

Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.（04.1）

hostility
/hɒˈstɪləti/

n. 敌意

herd
/hɜːd/

n.人群，兽群

“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.（09.1）

household
/ˈhaʊshoʊldz/

n.家庭

In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s （09.1）
[A] easy availability.
[B] flexibility in pricing.
[C] successful promotion .
[D] popularity with households.

▶ I

initiate
/ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/

vt.开始；发起；创始

It initiated a change from dominance of reason to supremacy of pleasure.

industry
/ˈɪndəstri/

n.行业

It marked a new age in the entertainment industry.

irrespective
/ɪrɪˈspektɪv/

不考虑…的，不管…的

It’s an expectation that exists irrespective of their abilities or levels of performance.

implicit
/ɪmˈplɪsɪt/

*adj.* 内含的，固有的；

“There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” （04.1）

indispensable
/ˌɪndɪˈspensəb(ə)l/

*adj.* 不可或缺的，必需的；

Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.（04.1）

insidious
/ɪnˈsɪdiəs/

adj.潜在的，隐伏的

But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.（04.1）

insensitive
/ɪnˈsensətɪv/

adj. 不敏感的

So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers.（04.1）

ill-treat
/ˌɪl ˈtriːt/

v.虐待

People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. （04.1）

intention
/ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)n/

n.目的，意图

Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. （04.1）

indicator
/ˈɪndɪkeɪtə®/

n. 指示信号；指示器；指针；标志

“I’m a good economic indicator,” she says.（04.1）

interest
/ˈɪntrəst/

n. 利息

Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.（04.1）

intellect
/ˈɪntəlekt/

n.智力（后天）

Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect.（04.1）

intellectual

adj.智力的，理智的；才智超群的；需智力的；思想的，思维的 n. 知识分子

intelligence
/ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/

n. 智力（先天）

intelligent
/ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/

adj. 聪明的；有智力的；智能的

identical
/aɪˈdentɪk(ə)l/

adj. 完全相同的

The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are __ [A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite. （04.1）

indignation
/ˌɪndɪɡˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

n. 义愤

Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. （05.1）

incline
/ɪnˈklaɪn/

v. （使）倾向于

Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions. （05.1）

incentive
/ɪnˈsentɪvz/

n. 激励，奖励

A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start.（05.1）

implication
/ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn/

n.含义

In the ever-changing 21 st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative implication. （09.1）

▶ J

justify
/ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ/

vt. 证明

In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [ C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. （05.1）

jealous
/ˈdʒeləs/

adj. 妒忌的

The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. （05.1）

▶ K

▶ L

legitimate -legitimately
/lɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

adj.合理的，正当的

I’ m not referring to employees who are legitimately dissatisfied with their employment conditions due to, say, being denied fair pay or flexible work practices.

literally
/ˈlɪtərəli/

adv. 差不多；照字面上

At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ.（04.1）

lag
/læɡ/

v. 落后，掉队

From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.（04.1）

▶ M

mechanical
/məˈkænɪkl/

adj. 机械的，机械般的

In Wordsworth’s view, “habits” is characterized by being (05.1)
[A] casual.
[B] familiar.
[C] mechanical.
[D] changeable.

▶ N

negotiate
/nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/

vt. 谈判

Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.（04.1）

nail
/neɪl/

n.指甲

But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either.（04.1）

n.钉子

noble
/ˈnəʊb(ə)l/

adj. 崇高的，高尚的；

Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. （04.1）

▶ O

overgeneralization
/ˌəʊvədʒenrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/

n.过分概括；过度泛化

overturn
/ˌəʊvəˈtɜːn/

vt.推翻、颠覆

It overturned all of those habits of mind, fundamentally changing our experience of the world, affecting the conduct of politics, religion, business, and culture.

over
/ˈəʊvə®/

prep.优先于

From Facebook to Instagram, the medium refocuses our attention on videos and images, rewarding emotional appeals - ‘like’ buttons - over rational ones.

opening
/ˈəʊpənɪŋ/

n. 空缺的职位

Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening.（04.1）

adj. 开始的，开端的

In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption. [ C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon. （05.1）

▶ P

proposition -propose
/ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃn/

n.见解；主张；观点

They do not argue with propositions, they argue with good looks, celebrities and commercials.

n.提议，建议（尤指业务上的）

I’d like to put a business proposition to you. 我想向您提个业务上的建议。

In my propositon

proposal
/prəˈpəʊzl/

n.提议；建议；动议

His proposal that the system should be changed was rejected. 他提的关于修改制度的建议被拒绝了。

purely -pure
/ˈpjʊəli/

adv.仅仅；完全

When it emerged towards the end of the 1980s as a purely text-based medium, it was seen as a tool to pursue knowledge, not pleasure.

proportion
/prəˈpɔːʃn/

n.部分，比例

According to a recent study, a small but growing proportion of the workforce is affected to some degree by a sense of entitlement.

practices
/ˈpræktɪsɪz/

n.惯常做法，惯例

I’ m not referring to employees who are legitimately dissatisfied with their employment conditions due to, say, being denied fair pay or flexible work practices.

privilege
/ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/

n.特权，特殊待遇

As a result of that discrepancy between the privileges they feel they’re owed and their inflated sense of self-worth, they don’t work as hard for their employer.

perceive
/pəˈsiːv/

vt.将……视为，认为

This occurs because they’re perceived to be fair and trustworthy.

particular
/pəˈtɪkjələ®/

adj.特定的

Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database;（04.1）

predecessors
/ˈpriːdəsesə®/

n. 前任，被替代的事物

Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. （04.1）

pace
/peɪs/

n. 步调，步数

Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace.（04.1）

populist
/ˈpɒpjəlɪst/

adj. 平民主义的

From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.（04.1）

n. 平民主义者

preserve
/prɪˈzɜːv/

vt. 保护

so he can preserve his innate goodness.（04.1）

ponder
/ˈpɒndə®/

v. 沉思，仔细思考

Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and 1magmes.（04.1）

proclaim
/prəˈkleɪm/

vt. 明确表示，宣告，声明

Profound
/prəˈfaʊnd/

adj. 知识渊博的

Profound knowledge of the world.（04.1）

parallel
/ˈpærəlel/

n. 相似物

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. （05.1）

panel
/ˈpæn(ə)l/

n. 专家咨询组，专题讨论小组；

The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.（05.1）

prudent
/ˈpruːd(ə)nt/

adj. 谨慎的

With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.（05.1）

plant
/plɑːnt/

n. 工厂，发电厂

Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.（05.1）

paradoxical
/ˌpærəˈdɒksɪk(ə)l/

adj. 自相矛盾的

So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.（09.1）

▶ Q

quest
/kwest/

vi.探求、探索

It was viewed as a means to quest for knowledge.

▶ R

rationality
/ˌræʃəˈnæləti/

n.理性

The trend toward rationality and enlightenment was endangered long before the advent of the World Wide Web.

render
/ˈrendə®/

vt.使成为；使变得；使处于某状态

It has rendered their interactions more superficial.

religion
/rɪˈlɪdʒən/

n.宗教、宗教信仰

It overturned all of those habits of mind, fundamentally changing our experience of the world, affecting the conduct of politics, religion, business, and culture.

regime
/reɪˈʒiːm/

n.（尤指未通过公正选举的）统治方式，统治制度，政权，政体

a fascist/totalitarian/military, etc. regime 法西斯、极权主义、军事等政权

n.组织方法；管理体制

Our tax regime is one of the most favourable in Europe. 我们的税收管理体制是欧洲最受欢迎的税收体制之一。

reveal
/rɪˈviːl/

vt.揭示，揭露，展示

The findings revealed ethical leadership is precisely what alleviates the negative effects of employee entitlement.

rate
/reɪt/

vt.划分等级

The respondents had to rate the extent of their agreement.

remedy [**]
/ˈremədi/

n.处理方式，改进措施

The researchers, however, exercise caution by warning no one single response is the perfect remedy.

respectively
/rɪˈspektɪvli/

adv.分别地，各自地

rot
/rɒt/

n. 形势恶化，腐烂，废话

One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.（04.1）

recognize
/ˈrekəɡnaɪz/

v. 认知，认识

Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. （04.1）

retail —— retailer
/ˈriːteɪl/

n. 零售 v.零售

For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.（04.1）

revenue
/ˈrevənjuː/

n.收入

For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time.（04.1）

restraint
/rɪˈstreɪnt/

n. 限制；抑制

readily

adv. 乐意地

They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily.（05.1）

righteous
/ˈraɪtʃəs/

adj. 正义的，正当的

Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. （05.1）

regulate
/ˈreɡjuleɪt/

vt. 控制，管理；调节;

Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.”（05.1）

rule
/ruːl/

v. 支配

“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.（09.1）

review
/rɪˈvjuː/

评论，评论文章；

Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. （10.1）

▶ S

supremacy
/suːˈpreməsi/

n.至高无上；最大权力；最高权威；最高地位

It initiated a change from dominance of reason to supremacy of pleasure.

superficial
/ˌsuːpəˈfɪʃl/

adj.肤浅的

It has rendered their interactions more superficial.

slack
/slæk/

adj.懈怠的；不用心的；敷衍了事的；吊儿郎当的

They prefer instead to slack off.

spoil
/spɔɪl/

vt.溺爱；娇惯；宠坏

This thereby leads them to expect the same kind of spoilt treatment throughout their adult lives.

somewhat
/ˈsʌmwɒt/

adv.有点，稍微

He or she will instead point out, constructively and tactfully, exactly how their inflated sense of deservingness is somewhat distorted.

surname
/ˈsɜːneɪm/

n.姓，姓氏

This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. （04.1）

例如：Michael Jackson 的姓（surname，last name）是"JACKSON",，名（first name）是"MICHAEL"。

suspiciously
/səˈspɪʃəsli/

adv. 出奇地，可疑地

Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A andK. （04.1）

shortlist
/ˈʃɔːtlɪst/

n.候选名单，入围名单

soften
/ˈsɒfn/

vt.(使)变软，软化；变温和

Spero blames the softening economy.（04.1）

sales
/ˈseɪlz/

n. 销售额

From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.（04.1）

stock
/stɒk/

n. 股票

The stock market shows signs of recovery.（04.1）

sake
/seɪk/

n. 利益，好处；目的；

Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education-not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge.（04.1）

suppress
/səˈpres/

vt. 阻止，抑制

suppressing native intelligence.（04.1）

slack
/slækɪŋ/

vi. 偷懒，怠惰；adj. 懈怠的

Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged.（05.1）

steward
/ˈstjuːəd/

n. 男服务员乘务员；管家

To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.（05.1）

sound
/saʊnd/

adj. 无损伤的；完好的

If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. （05.1）

suspend
/səˈspend/

vt. 暂停，中止

In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.（05.1）

▶ T

thesis
/ˈθiːsɪs/

n.毕业论文；学位论文

It’s telling that, while Google began life as a PhD thesis, Facebook started as a tool to judge classmates, appearances.

thereby
/ˌðeəˈbaɪ/

adv.由此，因此

This thereby leads them to expect the same kind of spoilt treatment throughout their adult lives.

timely
/ˈtaɪmli/

adv.适时地，及时地

Give them timely promotions.

temper
/ˈtempə®/

vt.使缓和；使温和

From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending.（04.1）

toast
/təʊst/

vt. 为……举杯敬酒

Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.（04.1）

toss

vt. 扔

And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.（05.1）

▶ U

uncover
/ʌnˈkʌvə®/

vt.发现；揭露；揭发

upside
/ˈʌpsaɪd/

n. 有利的一面，好处

Diners might see an upside, too.（04.1）

unreflecting
/ˌʌnrɪˈflektɪŋ/

adj. 缺乏思考的

“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.（09.1）

tips: reflect常考意思：反思，reflect on

▶ V

vice
/vaɪs/

adj.副的

“On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. （04.1）

venture
/ˈventʃə®/

n. 风险项目，冒险事业；

The more ventures, the more chances. （04.1）

vanish
/ˈvænɪʃ/

vi. 消失，不复存在

Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. （05.1）

▶ W

weigh
/weɪ/

vt.认真考虑；权衡；斟酌

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of The Open Mind.（09.1）

▶ X

▶ Y

▶ Z

词组：

▷ A

as yet

至今还，到目前为止

This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. （04.1）

all … but …

all A but B：除了B外A的全部

She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.（09.1）

a large body of

a large body of

It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that （10.1）
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

▷ B

bring about

引起

It brought about a gradual shift from cinema going to home entertainment.

be bent on

专心于，致力于

They are bent on looking for an alternative space for escape.

be derivered from

源自，源于

Reason and thought were most valued in this garden — all derived from the project of the Enlightenment.

by virtue of

由此，凭借

And, by virtue of that heightened motivation, to perform well.

bite one’s nails

束手无策；咬指甲

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.（04.1）

▷ C

compile with

与……保持一致

Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? （10.1）
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

▷ D

dream up

凭空想象出，虚构出（尤指荒诞不经的事）

One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.（04.1）

doze off

打瞌睡

They are noisily dozing off. （04.1）

draw up

拟定，制定，起草

▷ E

engage in

从事、参与

They are forever engaged in hunting for new information.

exercise caution

谨慎;小心;当心

The researchers, however, exercise caution by warning no one single response is the perfect remedy.

It is wise to exercise caution in crossing the street. 过马路时采取小心的态度是明智的。

▷ F

▷ G

get stuck

被困住，无法摆脱；被难住

So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers.（04.1）

get moving to

开始行动去

The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.

▷ H

have to

情态动词词组：表示必须

Home prices

房价

Home prices are holding steady in most regions.（04.1）

▷ I

in turn

转而、轮流

It’s telling that

尤其说明问题的是、值得一提的是

It’s telling that, while Google began life as a PhD thesis, Facebook started as a tool to judge classmates, appearances.

in one wave after another

一波接一波地，前仆后继地

There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. （05.1）

▷ K

key in

键入，输入

It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.（04.1）

keep a close watch on

密切注视，严密监视

Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.（04.1）

▷ L

▷ M

▷ N

▷ O

ought to

情态动词词组：表示应该

▷ P

push aganst

抵抗、抵制

At first, the web seemed to push against this trend.

plough through

费劲的阅读；艰难的通过

press for

不断要求

Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research - a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”. （05.1）

▷ Q

▷ R

rather then

而不是（**否定掉后面**）

Expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.

▷ S

stumble across

偶然遇到

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.（04.1）

set in

（不好的事情）到来，开始，发生

One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early.（04.1）

stems from

起源是，根源是

However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （05.1）

▷ T

thumb through

翻阅：快速地翻阅书籍、杂志等，通常是为了找到特定的信息或者大致了解内容。

It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. （04.1）

Tighten the belt

勒紧裤腰带：比喻在经济困难时节节约开支，减少不必要的消费。

Tighten the belt, the single remedy. （04.1）

belt-tightening

n. 紧缩开支

Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening. （04.1）

▷ U

▷ V

▷ W

work against

使对（某人）不利；违背

Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,” says one expert. （04.1）

When it comes to

当谈到，当提及

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.（04.1）

笔记

同近义词

熟词僻义

负面的词

过去式 / 过去分词

单词：

▶ A

▶ B

▶ C

▶ D

▶ E

▶ F

▶ G

▶ H

▶ I

▶ J

▶ K

▶ L

▶ M

▶ N

▶ O

▶ P

▶ Q

▶ R

▶ S

▶ T

▶ U

▶ V

▶ W

▶ X

▶ Y

▶ Z

词组：

▷ A

▷ B

▷ C

▷ D

▷ E

▷ F

▷ G

▷ H

▷ I

▷ K

▷ L

▷ M

▷ N

▷ O

▷ P

▷ Q

▷ R

▷ S

▷ T

▷ U

▷ V

▷ W

▷ X

▷ Y

▷ Z